Andhra Research Articles

Effect of crop geometry and nitrogen levels on leaf chlorophyll content of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at different growth stages under rainfed Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018–19 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Lam, Gunter, Andhra Pradesh on Vertisols under rainfed conditions. To study the effect of crop geometry and nitrogen levels on compact cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Leaf chlorophyll content was measured with the Soil Plant Analysis Development meter (SPAD 502 Plus Chlorophyll Meter) at different crop growth stages. Among the various crop geometry studied, maximum chlorophyll (SPAD index) content, functional leaves per square meter and leaf area index (LAI) were recorded with close crop geometry 60 cm × 10 cm. Among nitrogen levels application of 180 kg N/ha recorded maximum chlorophyll content, functional leaves per square meter and LAI. Combined effect on crop geometry and nitrogen levels on chlorophyll content was recorded significant with closer geometry 60cm x10cm along with an application of 180kg N ha-1 at 90 days after sowing. Dry matter accumulation (kg/ha) at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest was significantly affected by crop geometry and levels of nitrogen but not by their interaction.

Demonstration of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Yield, Yield Attributes and Economics of Pomegranate (cv. Bhagwa) in Arid Zone of Andhra Pradesh

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) demonstrations on pomegranate were conducted in 20 farmer fields in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalyandurg-operated mandals of Ananthapur district in Andhra Pradesh state during 2022-23 and 2023-24. The aim was to demonstrate the influence of INM practice on enhancing yield attributing features, yield and economics in farmer fields. According to the data, INM practice resulted in a larger number of flowers/plants, fruits/plant, fruit setting percentage, average fruit weight and yield/plant than farmer’s practice, who used chemical nutrient management alone. The demonstration of INM practice resulted in 11.56% and 10.52% higher fruit output than farmers' practices in 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively. The enhanced yield in INM practice can be attributed to more fruits per plant and heavier fruit weight. INM approaches also provided a greater economic advantage, and their adoption resulted in a better benefit-cost ratio (5.87) than farmers' use of inorganic nutrient management (5.40). From the findings It can be concluded that, under current circumstances, adopting INM practices in pomegranate cultivation could result in a higher economic benefit than farmers' practices, encouraging more farmers to adopt INM practices not only in pomegranate but also in other major fruit crops in Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh.

Traditional medical practice on Primitive Nooka Dora tribes, Alluri Sitaramaraju District, Andhra Pradesh

An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in HukumpetaMandal, AlluriSitaramaraju District, Andhra Pradesh, India. For documentation of important ethnomedicinal plants and information from local community about their medicinal uses. The traditional knowledge of primitive Nooka Dora tribe traditional uses was collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips. The identification and nomenclature of the listed plants were based on the Flora of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 49 plants species belong to 47 genera and 37 families were identified by taxonomic description and locally by ethnomedicinal knowledge of people existing in the region.

A Comparative Physical Parameters of Sri Kurmanadha Temple Pond and Sri Maninageswara Temple Pond, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Data collected on certain physical parameters of Sri Kurmanadha, Srikurmam and Sri Maninageswar, Kallepalli, Temple Ponds, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh from May 2014 to April 2016. The seasonal variations in water quality were recorded on monthly basis for a period of two years and correlation studies were also conducted among different physical parameters of both temple ponds. Water samples were analyzed for Physical Parameters like air temperature (28.250 C, 27.40 C), water temperature (240C, 24.350 C), transparency (32.1cm., 20.35cm.), EC (621μs/cm., 513.5μs/cm.), TSS (27mg/l., 35.5mg/l.) TDS (367mg/l., 298mg/l), pH (7.35, 7.5), DO (6.75mg/l, 6.5mg/l), COD (10.63mg/l, 10.36mg/l), BOD (3.31mg/l., 2.86mg/l.) total alkalinity (132.5mg/l., 128.5mg/l.), total hardness (80mg/l., 87.5mg/l.). Inter relationship between physical parameters (Pearson’s Correlation matrix) was also recorded. In this observation temperature showed strong positive correlation with COD (r=0.91, r=0.88), BOD (r=0.96, r=0.89), and negative correlation with DO (r=-0.84, r=-0.97). EC showed significant positive correlation with TDS (r=0.85, 0.89), and negative correlation with DO (r= -0.82, r=-0..84), TDS showed positive correlation with pH (r=0.77, r=0.72), and total hardness (r=0.81, 0.78), pH showed positive correlation with COD (r=0.77, r=0.84), total alkalinity (r=0.94, r=0.86), total hardness (r=0.81, r=0.84), and negative correlation with DO (r= -0.87, r=-0.77), Dissolved Oxygen showed negative correlation with COD (r= -0.88, r=-0.93), BOD (r= -0.95, r=-0.93). Chemical Oxygen Demand showed positive correlation with BOD (r= 0.92, r=0.91) and total alkalinity (r= 0.75, r=0.79). Biological Oxygen Demand showed positive correlation with total alkalinity (r= 0.74, r=0.63). Total Alkalinity showed positive correlation with total hardness (r= 0.90, r=0.87). These observations could useful in the water quality monitoring and regulation in order to enhance the quality of water with better sustainable management of Sri Kurmanadha, Srikurmam and Srimaninageswar, Kallepalli, Temple Ponds.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients undergoing ultra-sonography abdomen and its associated factors in a tertiary care hospital, Kakinada

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents a growing global health concern, characterized by the accumulation of hepatic lipids in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. Its prevalence has surged worldwide, including in India, where it has reached alarming levels. Despite its silent progression, NAFLD can lead to severe complications, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives of the study to assess prevalence and its associated factors, which are essential for effective management and prevention strategies. Methods: An observational, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, from June to July 2022. Among 100 subjects, chosen through the simple random sampling. Ethical approval was granted before conducting study. Data on demographics, lifestyle risk factors, anthropometry, and ultrasound findings were collected using a pretested and validated case record form. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, employing appropriate tests to explore associations between NAFLD and various variables. Results: Among 100 participants, the prevalence of NAFLD was found to be 41%. Significant associations were observed between NAFLD and variables such as BMI (p=0.034), waist-hip ratio (p=0.002), and history of diabetes mellitus (p=0.000). Lifestyle factors, including increased cooking oil consumption, were identified as significant risk factors. Conclusions: The study highlights the high prevalence of NAFLD among subjects undergoing ultrasound abdomen in Kakinada. Significant associations were observed with BMI, waist-hip ratio, and diabetes mellitus history. Promoting healthy behaviours is crucial for NAFLD prevention and management.

Bio profiling of brackish water alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata C.F.Chang & B.-M.Xia – an indigenous species from Andhra Pradesh, East Coast, India

ABSTRACT Gracilaria is one of the commercially important genera for the superior quality of phycocolloids, and high nutritional and therapeutic values. The present study is subjected to the bio-profile of the brackish water species Gracilaria tenuistipitata from the shoreline of Andhra Pradesh, East Coast, India. Proximate analysis of this species contains a high amount of carbohydrate (58.19 ± 3.52%), ash (32.64 ± 3.21%), moisture (5.84 ± 3.88%) and fiber (10.35 ± 0.595). The preliminary analysis of the algal extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, quinones and anthraquinones. The existence of important bioactive compounds such as ethyl oleate (18.45%), ethyl palmitate ((17%), ethyl linolenate (16.34%), phytol (12.46%) and clionasterol (8.56%) were also been confirmed in G. tenuistipitata by GCMS technique. The antibacterial potentiality of this species recorded the maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (18.83 ± 0.6 mm), P. syringae (18 ± 1 mm) and S. aureus (17.33 ± 0.66 mm) at the concentration of 50 µg/ml. Further, this species exhibited a significant effect of antioxidant (IC50 = 24.08 ± 1.32) and anti-cancerous (IC50 = 39.90 ± 1.60 µg/ ml) activities against human lung cancer cells A459. Thus, G. tenuistipitata could be a promising element and alternative source for the potential activities.

Handwritten Telugu Character Recognition & Signature Verification

Behaviour reputation stands as one of the earliest applications in sample reputation. While spotting handwritten characters is an clean venture for humans, it is a formidable task for computer structures. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is an crucial answer primarily based on optical systems, which enables automatic reputation of scanned and digitized characters This paper explores into optical man or woman popularity strategies in particular developed for handwriting Telugu within the characters. Telugu, a Dravidian language spoken especially in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India, offers precise challenges because of its complex alphabet Basic parts of Telugu script together with "vattu" which stands for vowels and "gunitalu" which means that tone the complicated syllables add to the complexity. Combining OCR strategies with Harris corner popularity, the paper affords insights into the accuracy and efficiency of handwritten Telugu person reputation and the fidelity of handwriting This have a look at contributes to the development of character reputation in particular on in complex written languages ​​which include Telugu and gives realistic explanations for handwriting verification processing. Key Words: Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Telugu, Vattu, Gunitalu, Harris corner detection, Handwritten Character Recognition, Signature Verification.

Acceptance and Hesitancy of COVID 19 Vaccination Among Medical and Allied Health Students in India - A Pilot Study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has had a lasting impact globally, resulting in an exponential rise in mortality and morbidity associated with it. In order to counteract this deadly disease, several Covid-19 vaccines were introduced in human trials. In the midst of lot of controversies regarding the efficacy of these vaccines, as well as the potential adverse effects experienced by the vaccinated individuals the questions of acceptance and hesitancy grew stronger. Since the medical and allied health students have access and understanding of evidence based research, their opinions would help in understanding the situation better. Hence, the aim of the present study was to learn about acceptance, hesitancy of Covid vaccination among health care students. A questionnaire-based online survey was conducted in India between 1st May 2021 and 12th July 2021. A total of 212 responses from health care students were obtained from various states. The questionnaire was circulated via social media platforms, which mainly included questions on acceptance, hesitancy, efficacy and adverse effects of vaccines available in India. Responses have been received from Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Haryana, New Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. 61.8% of the responders were from the age group of 18-24. The review of this very important aspect is crucial which has been often neglected amidst the pandemic. This study may help in implementation of better public policies in future.

Ethnomedicine of Primitive Porja Tribe, Alluri Sitaramaraju District, Andhra Pradesh

aAn ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in Hukumpeta Mandal, Alluri Sitaramaraju District, Andhra Pradesh, India. For documentation of important ethnomedicinal plants and information from local community about their medicinal uses. The traditional knowledge of primitive Porja tribe traditional uses was collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips. The identification and nomenclature of the listed plants were based on the Flora of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 55plants species belong to 52 genera and 40 families were identified by taxonomic description and locally by ethnomedicinal knowledge of people existing in the region.

A Research Study on Histopathological Changes that are Seen in Lungs of Victims Who Died of Drowning

Drowning is considered to be the leading cause of death in water and the third most common cause of accidental death worldwide, with the highest drowning rates in developing countries. The WHO defines drowning as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid. For forensic experts, death in water is a multifaceted issue presenting a challenge to them. Since all the circumstances from natural death to homicide are possible in the water, critical examination and interpretation of all abnormal findings found during autopsy are of great importance.Drowning is a diagnosis of exclusion, based on ruling out all other causes of death via complete autopsy and toxicology. Drowning causes hypoxemia, loss of consciousness, apnea and ultimately cardiac arrest. Fluid aspiration results in lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute Respiratory Failure is the main component of drowning pathophysiology. Near drowning results in multiple complications including aspiration pneumonia which is often life-threatening. Hence the histopathological changes in the lungs provide good corroborative evidence of death due to drowning. Nevertheless, for the examined drowning signs, no high diagnostic certainty could be observed. However, these findings can increase their diagnostic value if forensic doctors take influencing factors into consideration.From the central record section of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, about 80 medicolegal postmortem reports of death due to drowning in undecomposed bodies were selected in which one whole lung was sent for histopathological examination during the past two years i.e, 2020 - 2022. Parameters like Age, Sex and Marital Status were also studied. Histopathological examination of drowned lungs showed that congestion was seen in 92% of cases, oedema in 96% cases, dilatation of alveoli in 86% of cases, thinning of septa was seen in 84% of cases rupture of alveoli seen in 64% of cases and hemorrhage is seen in 46% of cases. Mostly males are affected and drowning deaths are seen more in 26 – 40 years age group. The histopathological investigations must be performed on all the organs of non-putrefied bodies with the aim of making the difference between death by drowning and other causes of death. The lung examinations can show over-distension of the alveoli, thinning of the alveolar septa and compression with narrowing of the capillary network.

An Autopsy Based Study of Deaths Due to Snake Bite in Kurnool Region of Andhra Pradesh

Snake bite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that is responsible for enormous suffering, disability and premature death. This study is an autopsy based epidemiological study of deaths due to snake bite conducted in Kurnool medical college attached Government General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The results of the study indicated that snake bites are more common among middle-aged, uneducated, male agricultural laborers working in fields during monsoon season. In Majority of the them bitten by snake over lower extremities. The majority of patients could not reach the hospital in time because their habitats are rural areas and not well connected to the nearby health centers.

A Mixed Approach Stand Effective in Developing Interest in Teaching - Learning Writing Skills among the High School Level Learners of Rural Areas: A Study

This paper is an attempt to identify the effectiveness and suitability of the mixed teaching-learning approach in developing language proficiency among learners from rural backgrounds. The survey was held to examine the views of the learners towards the application of a mixed teaching-learning approach that includes group learning and the use of online platforms in teaching English as a second language. The present study is held through a survey from which the data in the form of responses was gathered from the learners of rural areas of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The survey data was analyzed through SPSS for statistical analysis. The interpretations of the analysis were drawn and presented through tables and figures. The paper focuses on the consent of the target learners towards the implementation of the mixed approach and the same is structured through a proper understanding of the approach, the methodology adopted, the survey held, and analysis of the data for the conclusion of the interpretations drawn after the analysis. Keywords: Mixed teaching-learning approach – group learning – cooperative learning -Technology in ELT – ICT - TPACK

Study on Predictor Variables for Different Dimensions of Mental Health among Melavoi Village of Covid-19 Affected Young Adults Living in Anantapuram District, Andhra Pradesh

Early adulthood is an extremely diverse period of life. it encompasses a wide range of lifestyle choices and responsibilities. The pandemic has impacted the mental health of young adults very severely. Covid-19 pandemic there has been an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, chronic trauma with an eventual risk of increased suicidality and suicidal behavior linking this to immune mediated mechanisms of stress. For better dealing with these psychosocial issues of different strata of the society, psychosocial crisis prevention and intervention models should be urgently developed by the government, health care personnel and other stakeholders. Apt application of internet services, technology and social media to curb both pandemic and infodemic needs to be instigated. The main focus of the study was to swot on “Study on predictor variables for different dimensions of mental health among Melavoi village of Covid-19 affected young adults living in Anantapuram district, Andhra Pradesh”. Purposive random sampling technique was selected for the study. The respondents were selected from Melavoi village of Anantapuram district, Andhra Pradesh. Male and Female who are in the age group of 18-35 years affected with Covid-19 was selected for the study. The group consists of 30 Covid-19 affected young adults of 15 males and 15 females from Melavoivillage for the study. The study found that Covid-19 outbreak made respondents to experience lot of mental health problems like emotional distress, anxiety, stress, despair, dissatisfaction, impatience irrespective of gender.

Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River

Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 39 km of river starting from Gangadwar to Dasak village. Five locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage along with industrial wastewater is entering into the river at five prominent locations in the study stretch. Based upon the results, the existing conservation measures have been reviewed and additional measures are suggested. The study concludes that infiltration of sewage is the main precursor of Godavari river pollution and available sewage treatment facilities in the region are inadequate. Key Word: Water quality index; River Pollution and BOD; Godavari River, Sewage and industrial wastewater’ Physicochemical, Chemical, Physical and chemical parameters.

A study assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice of materiovigilance among medical professionals in the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Medical devices are vital for healthcare diagnosis and treatment but pose inherent risks. Physicians and healthcare professionals play a crucial role in reporting adverse events associated with these devices. Despite this, there is a notable scarcity of literature addressing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding India's Materiovigilance (Mv) Program. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of doctors and postgraduate residents in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu regarding the Materiovigilance program of India (MvPI). Methods: It was conducted as an observational, cross-sectional study, a structured self-administered Google Form survey was distributed among medical professionals and citizens of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The survey, comprising 22 questions on knowledge, attitudes, and Mv practices, was disseminated via various social networking sites. Results: Out of 700 doctors and postgraduate residents surveyed, 496 responded, yielding a response rate of 70.8%. The majority (96.8%) acknowledged the potential for adverse events from medical devices, with 91.1% agreeing on healthcare professionals' responsibility to report such events. Despite experiencing medical device-related adverse events in practice (63.3% of respondents), only a small fraction (12.1%) reported them, although 93.5% expressed willingness to report. Conclusions: The study underscores a knowledge gap among physicians and residents regarding MvPI in India, highlighting the necessity for educational interventions. To address this gap, MvPI coordinators should organize conferences and seminars aimed at enhancing awareness and reporting practices among healthcare professionals.

Taxonomic Check List of Ichthyofaunal Diversity in Gosthani River at Tagarapuvalasa, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

The study was designed to examine the taxonomy and assortment of fish species in the Gosthani River in Andhra Pradesh from April 2023 to March 2024. A total of 47 fish species were documented at the two landing sites of Gosthani River. The fish samples were carefully cleansed, and photos were taken on location. These fish were fixed in glass jars and kept in a 10% formalin solution. Following that, the samples were identified up to the species level using classical taxonomic techniques.  Order Cypriniformes was observed to have the highest contribution to the species diversity: 15.78% families, 38.23% genera, and 40.42% species, followed by Siluriformes (26.31% families, 17.64% genera, and 21.73% species); Beloiniformes (10.52% family, 5.88% genera, and 4.25% species); Cichliformes (1 family, 3 genera and 3 species); Perciformes and Synbranchiformes (1 family, 2 genera and 2 species); Anguilliformes (1 family, 1 genera and 2 species); Channiformes (5.26% family, 8.82% genera, and 6.38% species); Cyprinodontiformes, Gobiiformies, Osteoglossiformes, and Anabantiformes (5.26% family, 2.94% genera, and 2.12% species). The taxonomic trophic levels were found to have the largest percentage of omnivores have 46.81%, followed by carnivorous 34.04% and herbivorous 19.14%. The composition of taxa, population status, trophic levels, and IUCN status were reported in this research paper.

Assessment of Biometric Characteristics and Yield of Two Onion Cultivars in Soils of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

In order to identify suitable onion varieties for Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh, an On Farm Testing (OFT) was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra operated mandals of Ananthapur district. Two high yielding onion varieties were tested with five locations during each year in comparison to that of farmers variety of being grown by the farmers of the area. Different treatments included onion varieties of NHRDF Red 4 (TO1), NHRDF Red 3 (TO2) and Bellary local variety as farmers practice. The results revealed that highest plant height (58.25 cm), maximum number of leaves (8.35), lesser duration (123 days), maximum weight of bulb (77.76 g) and bulb yield (26.45 t/ha) was reported from NHRDF Red 4 than NHRDF Red-3 and farmers local variety (Bellary local). Similarly, NHRDF Red 4 variety recorded higher gross returns (Rs. 2,49,066/ha), net returns (Rs. 1,11,407/ha) and B:C ratio of 1.81 as compared to other two varieties. From the study, it is concluded that onion variety NHRDF Red-4 had better performance in the trial and can be recommended for cultivation in Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh.

Clinico-haematobiochemical and cardiac alterations in Trypanosoma evansi infected buffaloes of Andhra Pradesh, India.

The present research aimed to document the incidence, clinical signs, haematological, and serum biochemical alterations, as well as electrocardiography and echocardiography findings in 62 buffaloes (selected from a total of 240) infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The study spanned one year, from January 2022 to December 2022. Morphological identification of Trypanosoma evansi was done by the presence of a centrally positioned nucleus with a small sub-terminal kinetoplast at the posterior position through microscopic examination of Giemsa stained peripheral blood smears. The incidence of trypanosomosis were determined to be 26% (62/240) using stained blood smear examination and 41% (98/240) through polymerase chain reaction assay. Clinical signs exhibited by buffaloes with trypanosomosis included the lack of rumination (94%; 58/62), anorexia (90%; 56/62), emaciation (87%; 54/62), loss of milk yield (84%; 52/62), ocular discharges (82%; 51/62), depressed demeanour (81%; 50/62), sunken eye balls (61%; 38/62), fever (60%; 37/62), scleral congestion (56%; 35/62) and intermittent fever (42%; 26/62). Cardiovascular clinical findings in affected buffaloes included tachycardia (44%; 27/62), cardiac arrhythmia (24%; 15/62), cardiac murmurs (19%; 12/62) and muffled heart sounds (18%; 11/62). In the present study, buffaloes with trypanosomosis exhibited significant reduction in haemoglobin (p = 0.008), packed cell volume (p = 0.004), total erythrocyte count (p = 0.003), mean corpuscular volume (p = 0.042), total leucocyte count (p = 0.048) and absolute neutrophil count (p = 0.012); a significant increase in absolute eosinophil count (p = 0.011) and absolute monocyte count (p = 0.008) compared to the apparently healthy buffaloes. Additionally significant decrease in albumin (p = 0.001), A/G ratio (p = 0.007), calcium (p = 0.008), glucose (p = 0.007), phosphorous (p = 0.048), sodium (p = 0.008), potassium (p = 0.041) and chloride (p = 0.046) were observed in buffaloes with trypanosomosis compared to healthy ones. Buffaloes with trypanosomosis also showed significant increase in globulin (p = 0.004), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.008), bilirubin (p = 0.034), blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.071), creatinine (p = 0.029), cholesterol (p = 0.046), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.009), gamma-glutamyl transferase (p = 0.004) and creatine kinase-myoglobin binding levels (p = 0.005). Electrocardiography explorations in buffaloes with trypanosomosis revealed sinus tachycardia, low voltage QRS complex, ST segment elevation, wide QRS complex, sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, wandering pace maker, first degree atrio ventricular block, biphasic T wave and tall T wave. Echocardiography examination unveiled cardiac chamber dilatation, ventricular wall thickening and indications of pericarditis/cardiac tamponade. Necropsy was carried on the dead buffaloes during the study period disclosed severely congested blood vessels on epicardial surface, endocardial haemorrhages, and presence of pericardial fluid. Histopathological examination of the heart revealed hyaline degeneration, haemorrhages in the cardiac muscles and varying degrees of degenerative changes. Additionally, the pericardium displayed increased thickness due to presence of more elastic fibres, fibroblast cells in the myocardium, discontinuity of muscle layers, vascular congestion, perivascular mono nuclear cell infiltration and augmented thickness of the endocardium with fibroblast cell proliferation. The study's conclusion highlights cardiac alterations as secondary complications in buffaloes infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Further investigations are recommended to elucidate therapeutic modifications and refine the treatment paradigm.

Absence of Nose Ornaments in the Paintings of Lepakshi Temple

In Andhra Pradesh, in the village of Lepakshi, there is a temple dedicated to Veerabhadra. This temple, from the Vijayanagara Empire, is located in the Hindupur taluk of the Anantapur district. The murals from the Vijayanagara Empire are a specialty of this place. If one wants to witness the amalgamation of Vijayanagara's art, architecture, and temple craftsmanship in one place, then this temple is the most suitable. Here, there are many paintings and sculptures depicting various subjects. In the glorious Vijayanagara Empire, the allure of adornments is evident on all men and women, but the nose rings are nowhere to be seen. This is the subject of research undertaken in this essay.

Awareness and practice of Revised Code of Dental Ethics and Consumer Protection Act among dental practitioners in Andhra Pradesh: A cross sectional study

Awareness and practice of Revised Code of Dental Ethics and Consumer Protection Act among dental practitioners in Andhra Pradesh: A cross sectional study